Are there associations between sedentary time inside and outside preschools with preschoolers' executive function?

Preschool children spend a large part of their day at school, and a large part of that time they spend in sedentary time. Although sedentary time negatively affects regions of the brain responsible for cognition, it is believed that the type of sedentary time performed can favor executive functions' performance. The present study explored the associations between sedentary time inside and outside preschools with executive function (EF) tasks in preschoolers. Seventy-three preschool children (60% girls; 55.0 ± 9.1 months of age) were objectively assessed for sedentary time and physical activity (PA) using accelerometers (wGT3X). EF was evaluated using the Go/No-Go paradigm through the Early Years Toolbox - YET. Go's inverse efficiency (IE) and the No-Go accuracy were analyzed. To establish possible associations between EF and sedentary time, a structural equation model was conducted after adjustments for sex, age, body mass index, and moderate-to-vigorous PA. A significant and positive association between sedentary time on weekend days and IE (b = 0.61; p < .001) was observed. The general model explained 52% of the variation in IE and 2.1% in the accuracy of No-Go. The sedentary time on weekend days seems to be related to worse EI. This result emphasizes a context-dependent association between time being sedentary and preschoolers' EF. Further investigations should focus on exploring the type of sedentary behavior children are engaged in different contexts.

Association between the physical activity environment in schools and childhood obesity: a view under the light of complex systems

Objective: to analyse the relationship between physical activity (PA) environment at schools and obesity in children, the light of complex systems. Methods: this is a cross sectional study involved 1.200 children (8.1 ± 1.0 years old and 50% boys) from eight public schools from socially vulnerable neighbourhoods of Petrolina, Brazil. Weight and height measurements were assessed to calculate the Body Mass Index (BMI) and classified as normal weight and overweight. To assess the PA environment at the school, a questionnaire about the structural and organizational environment of the school was applied through a face-to-face interview with the school´s manager was conducted. The association between the PA environment at school and obesity was tested using a Machine Learning technique (Network Analysis) performed on the Jasp software. Results: positive associations between BMI and Physical Education classes (0.847), physical education teacher (0.349), break duration (0.564) and indoor sports court (0.662) were observed. Negative associations were seen with sex (-0.212) age (- 0.387), extracurricular PA (-0.492) and playground (-0.557). Additionally, the centrality indicators highlighted extracurricular PA (1.789) as the variables with the highest betweenness values, and BMI with the highest closeness (2.239) and strength (1.230) values. Conclusion: Extracurricular PA and the presence of playgrounds at school´s environment are associated with a healthier weight status low-income children.

Does parents' perception of the environment associates with outdoor physical activity duration in low-income preschoolers?

Parents' perception of the environment may influence the time spent in outdoor physical activities in pre-school children. This study aimed to analyze the association between parents' perception of the environment and outdoor physical activities outside the school in low-income preschoolers. In total, 129 preschoolers aged 3 to 5 years (4.4 years ± 0.7 years, 50% boys) and their parents participated in the study. An adapted version of the Neighborhood Environmental Walkability Scale was used to obtain parents' environmental perceptions. Outdoor physical activities was measured based on two questions considering the usual time spent in these activities during week and weekend days. Information on sociodemographic was collected by interview. Logistic regression was used to analyze the associations. Statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS, version 21.0. Most preschoolers (76.9%) had ≤ 2 hours/day in outdoor physical activities during the week while at the weekend, 65.9% reached > 2 hours. Parents' perception of unsafe traffic (OR = 0.39; p = 0.03) was associated with higher chances for a shorter time in outdoor physical activities both during the week and at the weekend (OR = 0.46; p = 0.04). Moreover, preschoolers' whose parents perceive a lack of places to walk (OR = 0.33; p = 0.02) and unsafe night time (OR = 0.36; p = 0.04) are more likely to spend less time in outdoor physical activities during the week. After adjustments for sociodemographic confounders, the perception of unsafe traffic (OR = 0.26; p = 0.01) and places to walk (OR = 0.15; p = 0.01) were predictors of preschooler's shorter time in outdoor physical activities during the week. Parents' perception of unsafe traffic and places to walk were associated with less time in outdoor physical activities in low-income preschoolers.

Biological, behavioral, and social correlates of executive function in low-income preschoolers: Insights from the perspective of the networks.

Behavioral, biological, and social correlates may be related to the association between executive function (EF) and physical activity (PA), when considering such variables as an integrated and non-linear system. Thus, the aim of the present study was to investigate the relationships between EF, PA and associated correlates in low-income preschoolers according to a network perspective. Thus, 142 preschoolers of both sexes, age 3-to-5-years-old (51% girls) were analyzed. Light, moderate and vigorous PA, cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), body mass index, family income, preterm birth, presence of siblings, presence of other children at home and the child's primary caregiver were assessed. Our results showed that EF was positively associated with age (b = 0.47), child's primary caregivers (b = 0.37), moderate PA (b = 0.30) and CRF (b = 0.25). Negative associations were seen with preterm birth (b = -0.50), vigorous PA (b = -0.34), presence of other children at home (b = -0.25), and sex (b = -0.33). The network's centrality indicators highlighted preterm birth and moderate PA as the most important variables in the network. Future interventions aiming to increase low-income preschoolers' EF should focus on increasing moderate PA, with special attention to preterm children.

Effects of a multicomponent intervention on cardiovascular risk factors in overweight children: a randomized clinical trial in light of complex systems.

Analyzing the effects of interventions from a theoretical and statistical perspective that allows understanding these dynamic relationships of obesity etiology can be a more efficient and innovative way of understanding the phenomenon's complexity. Thus, we aimed to analyze the pattern of cardiovascular risk factors between-participants, and the effects within-participants of a multidisciplinary intervention on cardiovascular risk factors in overweight children. This is a randomized clinical trial, and 41 participated in this study. A multicomponent intervention (physical activities, nutritional and psychological counseling) was performed for 10 weeks. Anthropometric and hemodynamics measurements, lipid and glucose profile, cardiorespiratory fitness, and left ventricular mass were evaluated. A network analysis was done. Considering patterns in the network at baseline, WC, WHR, BMI, and Fat were the main variables for cardiovascular risks. Group was the most critical variable in the within-participant network. Participating in a multicomponent intervention and decreasing body fat promoted beneficial cardiovascular factors.

Correlatos de atividade física e comportamento sedentário em crianças pré-escolares sul-americanas: revisão de escopo

[RESUMO]. Objetivo. Sintetizar os achados sobre correlatos da atividade física (AF) e do comportamento sedentário (CS) em crianças sul-americanas. Método. Realizou-se uma busca dos artigos no período de 24 de junho até 27 de outubro de 2020, nas bases de dados LILACS, PubMed, SciELO, Scopus e Web of Science. Para ampliar a busca, foram examinadas as referências dos artigos de revisão identificados e realizada uma consulta a um painel de especialistas. Foram incluídos estudos com delineamentos observacional e de intervenção com foco em crianças sul-americanas de zero a 5 anos de idade. Resultados. Dos 3 111 artigos inicialmente identificados, 18 foram elegíveis: 14 com delineamento observacional, 12 realizados no Brasil e 17 conduzidos com pré-escolares (3 a 5 anos de idade). Além do Brasil, os únicos países representados foram o Chile e o Equador. A AF e o CS foram medidos por acelerômetros em sete estudos, porém houve alta variabilidade nos instrumentos e pontos de corte usados. Embora as crianças tenham sido consideradas fisicamente ativas em 12 estudos, seis estudos mostraram que elas despendiam muito tempo em CS. Os domínios de influência mais avaliados foram o individual (14 estudos) e o interpessoal (11 estudos), seguidos pelo ambiental (oito estudos) e o político (um estudo). As intervenções no contexto escolar (quatro estudos) aumentaram os níveis de AF e diminuíram o tempo em CS. Entretanto, as evidências dos estudos transversais e de intervenção apresentaram alto risco de viés. Conclusão. Diante das lacunas identificadas, recomendam-se estudos com delineamentos robustos que incluam mais países sul-americanos, com foco em bebês e crianças com menos de 3 anos de idade e que investiguem correlatos dos domínios ambiental e político.

[ABSTRACT]. Objective. To synthesize the findings on correlates of physical activity (PA) and sedentary behavior (SB) in South American children. Method. A search was carried out from June 24 to October 27, 2020, in the LILACS, PubMed, SciELO, Scopus and Web of Science databases. To broaden the search, the references of identified review articles were examined, and a panel of experts was surveyed. Observational and interventional studies conducted with South-American children from zero to 5 years of age were included. Results. Of 3 111 articles initially identified, 18 were eligible: 14 observational studies, 12 studies conducted in Brazil, and 17 studies investigating preschool children (3 to 5 years of age). In addition to Brazil, only Chile and Ecuador were represented. PA and SB were measured by accelerometers in seven studies; however, high variability was observed in the instruments and cut-off points used. Although children were classified as physically active in 12 studies, six studies showed that they spent considerable time in SB. Most studies assessed the individual (14 studies) and interpersonal (11 studies) domains, followed by the environmental (eight studies) and political (one study) domains. Interventions in the school context (four studies) increased PA levels and reduced the time spent in SB. However, the evidence from cross-sectional and interventional studies presented a high risk of bias. Conclusions. Given the knowledge gap identified in this review, studies with robust designs, covering additional South American countries are warranted, focusing on infants and children under 3 years of age and investigating correlates in the environmental and political domains.

[RESUMEN]. Objetivo. Resumir los hallazgos sobre la correlación entre actividad física (AF) y comportamiento sedentario (CS) en la población infantil en América del Sur. Método. Se realizó una búsqueda de los artículos publicados entre el 24 de junio y el 27 de octubre del 2020 en las bases de datos LILACS, PubMed, SciELO, Scopus y Web of Science. Para ampliar la búsqueda, se examinaron las referencias de los artículos de revisión encontrados y se consultó con un panel de expertos. Se incluyeron estudios observacionales y de intervención centrados en población infantil de 0 a 5 años de edad en América del Sur. Resultados. De los 3 111 artículos encontrados inicialmente, 18 cumplieron con los criterios establecidos: 14 tenían un diseño observacional, 12 se llevaron a cabo en Brasil y 17 se realizaron con niños y niñas en edad preescolar (de 3 a 5 años). Además de Brasil, los únicos países representados fueron Chile y Ecuador. La AF y el CS se midieron con acelerómetros en 7 estudios, pero se observó una alta variabilidad en los instrumentos y los puntos de corte utilizados. Aunque se consideró que niños y niñas eran físicamente activos en 12 estudios, 6 estudios revelaron que pasaban mucho tiempo en CS. Los ámbitos de influencia más evaluados fueron el individual (14 estudios) y el interpersonal (11 estudios), seguidos del ambiental (8 estudios) y el político (1 estudio). Las intervenciones en el contexto escolar (4 estudios) aumentaron los niveles de AF y disminuyeron el tiempo en CS. Sin embargo, la evidencia de los estudios transversales y de intervención presentó un alto riesgo de sesgo. Conclusiones. En vista de las lagunas detectadas, se recomienda que se realicen estudios con diseño robusto que incluyan más países sudamericanos, se centren en bebés y menores de 3 años e investiguen correlaciones en los ámbitos político y ambiental.

Correlatos de atividade física e comportamento sedentário em crianças pré-escolares sul-americanas: revisão de escopo / Correlates of physical activity and sedentary behavior in preschoolers from South America: scoping review / Correlación entre actividad física y comportamiento sedentario en la población preescolar en América del Sur: revisión exploratoria

RESUMO Objetivo. Sintetizar os achados sobre correlatos da atividade física (AF) e do comportamento sedentário (CS) em crianças sul-americanas. Método. Realizou-se uma busca dos artigos no período de 24 de junho até 27 de outubro de 2020, nas bases de dados LILACS, PubMed, SciELO, Scopus e Web of Science. Para ampliar a busca, foram examinadas as referências dos artigos de revisão identificados e realizada uma consulta a um painel de especialistas. Foram incluídos estudos com delineamentos observacional e de intervenção com foco em crianças sul-americanas de zero a 5 anos de idade. Resultados. Dos 3 111 artigos inicialmente identificados, 18 foram elegíveis: 14 com delineamento observacional, 12 realizados no Brasil e 17 conduzidos com pré-escolares (3 a 5 anos de idade). Além do Brasil, os únicos países representados foram o Chile e o Equador. A AF e o CS foram medidos por acelerômetros em sete estudos, porém houve alta variabilidade nos instrumentos e pontos de corte usados. Embora as crianças tenham sido consideradas fisicamente ativas em 12 estudos, seis estudos mostraram que elas despendiam muito tempo em CS. Os domínios de influência mais avaliados foram o individual (14 estudos) e o interpessoal (11 estudos), seguidos pelo ambiental (oito estudos) e o político (um estudo). As intervenções no contexto escolar (quatro estudos) aumentaram os níveis de AF e diminuíram o tempo em CS. Entretanto, as evidências dos estudos transversais e de intervenção apresentaram alto risco de viés. Conclusão. Diante das lacunas identificadas, recomendam-se estudos com delineamentos robustos que incluam mais países sul-americanos, com foco em bebês e crianças com menos de 3 anos de idade e que investiguem correlatos dos domínios ambiental e político.

ABSTRACT Objective. To synthesize the findings on correlates of physical activity (PA) and sedentary behavior (SB) in South American children. Method. A search was carried out from June 24 to October 27, 2020, in the LILACS, PubMed, SciELO, Scopus and Web of Science databases. To broaden the search, the references of identified review articles were examined, and a panel of experts was surveyed. Observational and interventional studies conducted with South-American children from zero to 5 years of age were included. Results. Of 3 111 articles initially identified, 18 were eligible: 14 observational studies, 12 studies conducted in Brazil, and 17 studies investigating preschool children (3 to 5 years of age). In addition to Brazil, only Chile and Ecuador were represented. PA and SB were measured by accelerometers in seven studies; however, high variability was observed in the instruments and cut-off points used. Although children were classified as physically active in 12 studies, six studies showed that they spent considerable time in SB. Most studies assessed the individual (14 studies) and interpersonal (11 studies) domains, followed by the environmental (eight studies) and political (one study) domains. Interventions in the school context (four studies) increased PA levels and reduced the time spent in SB. However, the evidence from cross-sectional and interventional studies presented a high risk of bias. Conclusions. Given the knowledge gap identified in this review, studies with robust designs, covering additional South American countries are warranted, focusing on infants and children under 3 years of age and investigating correlates in the environmental and political domains.

RESUMEN Objetivo. Resumir los hallazgos sobre la correlación entre actividad física (AF) y comportamiento sedentario (CS) en la población infantil en América del Sur. Método. Se realizó una búsqueda de los artículos publicados entre el 24 de junio y el 27 de octubre del 2020 en las bases de datos LILACS, PubMed, SciELO, Scopus y Web of Science. Para ampliar la búsqueda, se examinaron las referencias de los artículos de revisión encontrados y se consultó con un panel de expertos. Se incluyeron estudios observacionales y de intervención centrados en población infantil de 0 a 5 años de edad en América del Sur. Resultados. De los 3 111 artículos encontrados inicialmente, 18 cumplieron con los criterios establecidos: 14 tenían un diseño observacional, 12 se llevaron a cabo en Brasil y 17 se realizaron con niños y niñas en edad preescolar (de 3 a 5 años). Además de Brasil, los únicos países representados fueron Chile y Ecuador. La AF y el CS se midieron con acelerómetros en 7 estudios, pero se observó una alta variabilidad en los instrumentos y los puntos de corte utilizados. Aunque se consideró que niños y niñas eran físicamente activos en 12 estudios, 6 estudios revelaron que pasaban mucho tiempo en CS. Los ámbitos de influencia más evaluados fueron el individual (14 estudios) y el interpersonal (11 estudios), seguidos del ambiental (8 estudios) y el político (1 estudio). Las intervenciones en el contexto escolar (4 estudios) aumentaron los niveles de AF y disminuyeron el tiempo en CS. Sin embargo, la evidencia de los estudios transversales y de intervención presentó un alto riesgo de sesgo. Conclusiones. En vista de las lagunas detectadas, se recomienda que se realicen estudios con diseño robusto que incluyan más países sudamericanos, se centren en bebés y menores de 3 años e investiguen correlaciones en los ámbitos político y ambiental.

Does parents' perception of the environment associates with outdoor physical activity duration in low-income preschoolers? / A percepção dos pais sobre o ambiente se associa à duração da atividade física ao ar livre em pré-escolares de baixa renda? / ¿La percepción de los padres sobre el entorno se asocia con la duración de la actividad física al aire libre en preescolares de bajos ingresos?

Parents' perception of the environment may influence the time spent in outdoor physical activities in pre-school children. This study aimed to analyze the association between parents' perception of the environment and outdoor physical activities outside the school in low-income preschoolers. In total, 129 preschoolers aged 3 to 5 years (4.4 years ± 0.7 years, 50% boys) and their parents participated in the study. An adapted version of the Neighborhood Environmental Walkability Scale was used to obtain parents' environmental perceptions. Outdoor physical activities was measured based on two questions considering the usual time spent in these activities during week and weekend days. Information on sociodemographic was collected by interview. Logistic regression was used to analyze the associations. Statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS, version 21.0. Most preschoolers (76.9%) had ≤ 2 hours/day in outdoor physical activities during the week while at the weekend, 65.9% reached > 2 hours. Parents' perception of unsafe traffic (OR = 0.39; p = 0.03) was associated with higher chances for a shorter time in outdoor physical activities both during the week and at the weekend (OR = 0.46; p = 0.04). Moreover, preschoolers' whose parents perceive a lack of places to walk (OR = 0.33; p = 0.02) and unsafe night time (OR = 0.36; p = 0.04) are more likely to spend less time in outdoor physical activities during the week. After adjustments for sociodemographic confounders, the perception of unsafe traffic (OR = 0.26; p = 0.01) and places to walk (OR = 0.15; p = 0.01) were predictors of preschooler's shorter time in outdoor physical activities during the week. Parents' perception of unsafe traffic and places to walk were associated with less time in outdoor physical activities in low-income preschoolers.

A percepção dos pais sobre o ambiente pode influenciar o tempo gasto em atividades físicas ao ar livre em crianças pré-escolares. Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar a associação entre a percepção dos pais sobre o ambiente e atividades físicas ao ar livre fora da escola em pré-escolares de baixa renda. No total, 129 pré-escolares de 3 a 5 anos (4,4 anos ± 0,7 anos, 50% meninos) e seus pais participaram do estudo. Uma versão adaptada da Escala de Caminhabilidade Ambiental do Bairro foi usada para obter as percepções ambientais dos pais. A atividade física ao ar livre foi mensurada com base em duas questões considerando o tempo habitual despendido nessas atividades durante a semana e os dias de fim de semana. As informações sociodemográficas foram coletadas por meio de entrevista. Foi utilizada regressão logística para analisar as associações. As análises estatísticas foram realizadas no SPSS, versão 21.0. A maioria dos pré-escolares (76,9%) teve ≤ 2 horas/dia em atividade física ao ar livre durante a semana enquanto no final de semana, 65,9% atingiu > 2 horas. A percepção dos pais sobre o trânsito inseguro (OR = 0,39; p = 0,03) foi associada a maiores chances de menor tempo de atividade física ao ar livre tanto durante a semana quanto no final de semana (OR = 0,46; p = 0,04). Além disso, pré-escolares cujos pais percebem falta de lugares para caminhar (OR = 0,33; p = 0,02) e período noturno inseguro (OR = 0,36; p = 0,04) são mais propensos a passar menos tempo em atividade física ao ar livre durante a semana. Após ajustes para fatores de confusão sociodemográficos, a percepção de trânsito inseguro (OR = 0,26; p = 0,01) e locais para caminhar (OR = 0,15; p = 0,01) foram preditores de menor tempo do pré-escolar em atividade física ao ar livre durante a semana. A percepção dos pais sobre o trânsito inseguro e os lugares para caminhar foram associados ao menor tempo de atividade física ao ar livre entre pré-escolares de baixa renda.

La percepción de los padres sobre el entorno puede influir en el tiempo dedicado a actividades físicas al aire libre en niños en edad preescolar. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar la asociación entre la percepción de los padres sobre el ambiente y la actividade física al aire libre fuera de la escuela en preescolares de bajos recursos. En total, participaron en el estudio 129 preescolares de 3 a 5 años (4,4 años ± 0,7 años, 50% niños) y sus padres. Se utilizó una versión adaptada de la Escala de Caminabilidad Ambiental del Vecindario para obtener las percepciones ambientales de los padres. La actividade física al aire libre se midió a partir de dos preguntas considerando el tiempo habitual dedicado a estas actividades durante los días de semana y los fines de semana. La información sociodemográfica se recogió mediante entrevista. Se utilizó regresión logística para analizar las asociaciones. Los análisis estadísticos se realizaron con SPSS, versión 21.0. La mayoría de los preescolares (76,9%) tenían ≤ 2 horas/día en actividade física al aire libre durante la semana mientras que el fin de semana, el 65,9% alcanzaba > 2 horas. La percepción de los padres sobre el tráfico inseguro (OR = 0,39; p = 0,03) se asoció con mayores posibilidades de pasar menos tiempo en actividade física al aire libre tanto entre semana como en fin de semana (OR = 0,46; p = 0,04). Además, los preescolares cuyos padres perciben la falta de lugares para caminar (OR = 0,33; p = 0,02) e inseguridad en la noche (OR = 0,36; p = 0,04) tienen más probabilidades de pasar menos tiempo en actividade física al aire libre durante la semana. Después de los ajustes por factores de confusión sociodemográficos, la percepción de tráfico inseguro (OR = 0,26; p = 0,01) y lugares para caminar (OR = 0,15; p = 0,01) fueron predictores de menor tiempo en actividade física al aire libre de los preescolares durante la semana. La percepción de los padres sobre el tráfico inseguro y los lugares para caminar se asoció con menos tiempo en actividades físicas al aire libre en preescolares de bajos ingresos.

A Network Perspective on the Relationship Between Moderate to Vigorous Physical Activity and Fundamental Motor Skills in Early Childhood.

BACKGROUND: The relationship between moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and fundamental motor skill (FMS) is inconsistent in early childhood, due to its complex and nonlinear characteristics. This study aimed to analyze the nonlinear relationships between MVPA, FMS, body mass index (BMI), sex, and age in preschoolers. METHODS: This cross-sectional study with preschoolers (n = 204; 4.0 [0.8] y old; 99 boys), provided objective physical activity data, FMS assessments, and BMI. The associations between MVPA, FMS, BMI, sex, and age were explored using the network analysis (RStudio and qgraph). RESULTS: Boys were more motor competent than girls in all FMS skills, while girls were more active than boys during the weekend. Older children were less active than their younger peers during these days. MVPA is weak and differently related to each FMS, and the leap skill emerged with the highest betweenness and strength values in the network. CONCLUSIONS: For the assessed preschoolers, when considering BMI, age, and sex, the relationships between MVPA and FMS are inconsistent, and leap emerged as the main variable. During early childhood, these variables are connected as part of a complex system in which each skill has a dynamic role within the emerging pattern.

National guidelines for physical activity in early childhood in American countries: a scoping review / Guias nacionais de atividade física para crianças na primeira infância nos países americanos: revisão de escopo

Our aim was to identify and analyze national guides with recommendations for physical activity for early childhood in the countries of the American continent. A scoping review was carried out on the websites of the national education, sport, and/or health agencies of the 36 American countries, on the Google website, and through contact with professionals. The synthesis was developed from the exploration of the material, looking for approaches and recommendations in the domains "benefits", "dose", "types and examples", "practice guidelines" and "sedentary behavior". From 21 documents initially assessed, four composed the synthesis (Canada, Chile, United States and Uruguay). All included guides converged on recommendations about the importance of physical activity for weight control and healthy growth and development (e.g., benefits domain); the importance of children be-ing physically active at various times of the day, highlighting the provision of "joyful, safe, supervised, and age-appropriate physical activity" and "participation in structured-play activities" (e.g., types and examples domain); support for the provision of "fun, safe, supervised, and age-appropriate physical activity" (e.g., types and examples domain) and the support from parents or caregivers to stimulate activities that encourage responsibility and autonomy (e.g., practice orientation domain). Finally, considering that strategies to promote physical activity involve addressing individual and contextual factors, it is important that future national guides for physical activity involve recommendations in domains that are determinants of physical activity in this age group, such as support from primary caregivers and the built environment, in its access and possibilities

Objetivou-se identificar e analisar guias nacionais com recomendações de atividade física para a primeira infância nos países do continente americano. Foi realizada uma revisão de escopo nos sítios eletrônicos das agências nacionais de educação, esporte e/ou saúde dos 36 países americanos, no sítio eletrônico Google e por meio de contatos com profissionais. A síntese foi elaborada a partir da exploração do material, visando abordagens e recomendações nos domínios "benefícios", "dose", "tipos e exemplos", "orientações para a práti-ca" e "comportamento sedentário". De 21 documentos avaliados, quatro foram encaminhados para a síntese (Canadá, Chile, Estados Unidos e Uruguai). Todos os guias incluídos convergiram quanto às recomenda-ções sobre a importância da atividade física para controle do peso e para o crescimento e desenvolvimento saudáveis (e.g., domínio benefícios); sobre a importância das crianças serem fisicamente ativas em vários momentos do dia, destacando a oferta de "atividades físicas alegres, seguras, supervisionadas e adequadas à idade" e a "participação em jogos, brincadeiras e atividades estruturadas" (e.g., domínio tipos e exemplos); e sobre o apoio dos pais e responsáveis ou dos cuidadores ao estímulo de atividades que incentivem a respon-sabilidade e a autonomia (e.g., domínio orientação para a prática). Por fim, considerando que estratégias de promoção de atividade física envolvem a abordagem de fatores individuais e contextuais, é importante que futuros guias nacionais de atividade física envolvam recomendações em domínios que são determinantes da atividade física nesta faixa etária, como o suporte dos cuidadores primários e o ambiente construído, em seu acesso e possibilidades

Effects of a randomized controlled study on the behaviors of overweight schoolchildren / Efeitos de um estudo controlado randomizado sobre os comportamentos de escolares sobrepesados

This study aimed to determine the effects of a school-based multi-component intervention on accel-erometer-measured physical activity (PA) and sedentary behavior (SB) in schoolchildren overweight. This is a randomized controlled study with overweight schoolchildren, allocated to experimental group (EG; n = 13; 7.6 ± 0.8 years; 42.9% boys) and control group (CG; n = 17; 8.2 ± 0.9 years; 26.7% boys). The EG was submitted to a 10-week school-based intervention, comprised of PA and psychological sessions (behavioral therapy), and nutritional guidance. The CG followed the daily routine of life. The time of PA and SB were measured using accelerometers used for seven days. To compare mean SB, moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and total physical activity (TPA), generalized estimation equations (GEE) were used. It was observed thatthe average time in MVPA and TPA increased significantly in EG at the weekend (+ 40.9 min / day, p < 0.001; and + 51.6 min /day, p = 0.035, respectively) and at full week (+ 62.9 min/day, p < 0.001; and + 225.0 9 min/day, p = 0.038, respectively). There was no significant difference in time spent in SB after the intervention in both groups. Thus, it was concluded that the proposed school-based multicomponent intervention was effective in increasing levels of MVPA and TPA in overweight schoolchildren. This finding can optimize future interventions to promote a healthy lifestyle for schoolchildren in the school environment

Este estudo objetivou analisar o efeito de uma intervenção multicomponente de base-escolar sobre os níveis de atividade física (AF) e comportamento sedentário (CS) mensurados por acelerômetro, de escolares com sobrepeso. Trata-se de um estudo controlado randomizado com escolares sobrepesados alocadas em grupo ex-perimental (GE; n = 13; 7,6 ± 0,8 anos; 42,9% meninos) e grupo controle (GC; n = 17; 8,2 ± 0,9 anos; 26,7% meninos). O GE foi submetido a uma intervenção escolar de 10 semanas, composta por sessões de AF e psicológica (terapia comportamental) e orientação nutricional. O GC seguiu a rotina diária de vida. O tempo de AF e o CS foram medidos por meio de acelerômetros, utilizados durante sete dias. Para comparar o tempo médio de CS, atividade física moderada a vigorosa (AFMV ) e atividade física total (AFT), foram utilizadas equações de estimativa generalizadas (GEE). Observou-se queo tempo médio em AFMV e AFT aumentaram significativamente no GE no fim de semana (+ 40,9 min / dia, p < 0,001; e + 51,6 min / dia, p = 0,035, respectivamente) e na semana inteira (+ 62,9 min / dia, p < 0,001; e + 225,0 min/dia, p = 0,038, respectivamente). Não houve diferença significativa no tempo gasto em CS após a intervenção em ambos os grupos. Assim, conclui-se que uma intervenção multicomponente de base escolar proposta foi eficaz no aumento dos níveis de AFMV e AFT em escolares com sobrepeso. Esse achado pode otimizar futuras intervenções em promover um estilo de vida saudável de crianças no âmbito escolar

24-hour movement behaviour and executive function in preschoolers: A compositional and isotemporal reallocation analysis.

Adherence to healthy behaviours promotes several health benefits in preschool children, including executive function (EF). Recently, the predictive power of the 24-hour movement behaviour (24 h MB) composition on health outcomes has been evidenced; however, its relationship with EF in preschoolers is unknown. Thus, the present study had two objectives: (1) to analyse the associations between the 24 h MB composition and EF of preschoolers; and (2) to investigate the theoretical changes in EF when time in different movement behaviours is reallocated. This cross-sectional study was carried out with 123 preschoolers (3-5 years old) of low socioeconomic status. Physical activity (PA) and sedentary behaviour were assessed using an accelerometer for 7 days, sleep time was obtained through interviews with parents, and EF was measured using the Early Tool Box battery. To verify the association between 24 h MB and EF, compositional data analysis was used, and for time reallocation, compositional isotemporal substitution analysis was utilized. It was observed that the 24 h MB composition was positively associated with EF (p < .0001; R² = 0.34), and that reallocating 5, 10, 15 or 20 min of the time spent on sleep and light PA to moderate-to-vigorous PA, respectively, was associated with significant improvements in EF (p < .05). These findings provide hitherto unseen insight into the relationship between 24 h MB and EF in preschool children, and warrants consideration for researchers and practitioners seeking to improve EF and PA in preschool children.

Adherence to 24-hour movement guidelines in low-income Brazilian preschoolers and associations with demographic correlates.

BACKGROUND: The importance of movement behaviors for health is well known, although few studies have examined the adherence to movement guidelines in low-income preschoolers from a middle-income country, as Brazil. This study reports the proportion of preschoolers meeting the 24-hour movement guidelines and investigates its associations with demographic correlates in Brazilian low-income preschoolers. METHODS: Two hundred and seventy preschoolers (132 boys, means age = 3.97 ± 0.80) provided physical activity (PA) data (Actigraph wGT3X). Sleep duration, screen time, and social correlates were parent-reported. Preschoolers were classified as compliant/not compliant with the 24-hour movement guidelines. Relationships between compliance with movement behaviors guidelines and demographic correlates were calculated using a network analysis (Mplus 8.0; Rstudio). RESULTS: Preschoolers were active (273.52 ± 62.08 minutes/day of total PA), though moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) time was below the guideline (58.68 ± 22.51 minutes/day); spent more than the recommended 60 minutes/day on screen time (169.91 ± 97.07 minutes/day); and slept less than 10 hours per night (9.44 ± 1.12 hours/day). Only 3% of the sample complied with the guidelines. PA showed the highest compliance (43%), compared to sleep duration (35%) and screen time (15%). Male sex was related to adherence to MVPA recommendations, while female sex, with adherence to total PA recommendations. Child's primary caregiver was the most important centrality indicator in the network. CONCLUSION: Only 3% of the assessed preschoolers are compliant with the 24-hour movement behaviors guidelines. Strategies to promote adherence to movement behaviors among low-income preschoolers should consider child's primary caregivers to support movement behaviors.

Is lifestyle a determining factor for body satisfaction in higher education? / ¿Estilo de vida es un factor determinante para la satisfacción corporal en la educación superior? / ¿O estilo de vida é um fator determinante para a satisfação corporal no ensino superior?

People's lives are increasingly hurrying because of several factors that interfere with lifestyle. However, little is known how much this style interferes in people body satisfaction. This study investigated the impact of lifestyle on body satisfaction of the university community. A total of 659 students (n=460), professors (n=49) and administrative staff (n=150) of a federal northeastern Brazilian university, answered the Body Satisfaction Situational Scale and Fantastic Lifestyle Questionnaire. Linear regression indicated that the work has a positive impact on the satisfaction of external parties for students, while for the administrative staff was the lowest alcohol consumption and being with family/friends that the impact, as professors, body satisfaction suffered impact of higher alcohol consumption, aggressive behavior, sleep deprivation, lower stress management and unsafe attitudes (p < .05). It is concluded that the lifestyle profile can be considered a determining factor for body satisfaction in higher education, contributing or not for higher body satisfaction

La vida de las personas están cada vez más corrida a varios factores que afectan el estilo de vida. Sin embargo, poco se sabe cómo este estilo interfiere en la satisfacción con el cuerpo de la personas. Este estudio investigó el impacto del estilo de vida en la satisfacción corporal de los estudiantes, profesores y personal administrativo de una universidad brasileña. Un total de 659 estudiantes (n=460), profesores (n=49) y técnicos (n=150) de una universidad federal en el noreste del Brasil, respondieron la Escala Situacional de Satisfacción del Cuerpo y el Cuestionario "Estilo de Vida Fantástico". El trabajo ha impactado positivamente la satisfacción de las partes externas para los estudiantes, mientras para los técnicos fue el bajo consumo de alcoholy estar entre familia/amigos que ha impactado, y los profesores, la satisfacción corporal sufrió impacto del mayor consumo de alcohol, comportamiento agresivo, privación de sueño, menor control del estrés y actitudes inseguras (p < .05). Concluye se que el perfil de estilo de vida puede ser considerado un factor determinante para la satisfacción corporal en la educación superior, que contribuyen o no a una mayor satisfacción corpora

A vida das pessoas está cada vez mais corrida devido a diversos fatores que interferem no estilo de vida. No entanto, pouco se sabe o quanto que este estilo interfere na satisfação corporal das pessoas. Este estudo investigou o impacto do estilo de vida na satisfação corporal de estudantes, professores e técnicos administrativos de uma universidade brasileira. Um total de 659 alunos (n=460), docentes (n=49) e técnicos (n=150) de uma universidade federal do nordeste brasileiro, responderam a Escala Situacional de Satisfação Corporal e o Questionário "Estilo de Vida Fantástico". Para os alunos o trabalho impactou positivamente a satisfação das partes externas, enquanto para os técnicos foi o menor consumo de álcool e estar entre família/amigos, já os docentes, a satisfação corporal sofreu impacto do maior consumo de álcool, comportamento agressivo, privação de sono, menor controle do estresse e atitudes não seguras (p < .05). Conclui-se que o perfil de estilo de vida pode ser considerado um fator determinante para a satisfação corporal no ensino superior, contribuindo ou não para uma maior satisfação corporal